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Unit1Women of achievement 《重点词汇、短语》 1.human beings 人类 2.campaign 运动，战役 3.behave 行为 4.shade 阴凉处 5.move off 离开，启程 6.observe 观察 7.respect 尊重 8.argue 讨论，辩论 9.lead a...life 过着…的生活 10.crowd in 涌入脑海 11.support 支持 12.look down upon/on 看不起 13.refer to 查阅，参考，涉及 14.by chance 碰巧 15.come across 偶遇 16.intend 计划，打算 17.deliver 提送，生（小孩），接生，发表（演说） 18.carry on 继续，坚持 《重点句型》 1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system. 她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。 △ work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出 2.She is leading a busy life but she says … 她过着忙碌的生活，但是她说…… △ lead a …life = live a …life 过……的生活 3. Many people look down upon poor people.很多人瞧不起穷人。 △look down upon / on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起 You mustn’t look down upon/ on the disabled. 你绝不能瞧不起残疾人。 4.If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb. 如果group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。 △ refer to指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅、参考 5.By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women’s diseases. 很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名妇科专家。 △ by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地 6.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work? 为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？ △ carry on 继续；坚持 《语法总结》主谓一致 一.语法一致原则 即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。 1. 单数名词、不可数名词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 Reading aloud is very important in learning English. 学习英语时大声朗读非常重要。 When they could finish the task is not known yet. 他们何时能完成任务还未知。 Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his/her name here. 要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。 注意：what引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要以what所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。 What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。 What we need are more volunteers. 我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。 2. 由连接词and或both … and连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。 What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students. 他说的话及行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。 Both his father and his mother are advanced workers. 他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。 注意：有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。 （1）用and连接的名词表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主语时 Bread and butter is nutritious for patients. 黄油面包对病人很有营养。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。 The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting. 那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。 （2）“each/every/no/ many a + 单数名词+ and + each/every/no/many a + 单数名词”作主语时 Every hour and every minute is precious. 每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。 No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall. 每个人都不允许进入大厅。 3. “名词+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。 Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了。 Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab. 实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。 4. “more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。 More than one student is against the decision. 不止一个学生反对这个决定。 Many a page in this book is missing. 这本书缺了许多页。 5. 不定代词either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every与thing, body, one构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Nothing in the world moves faster than light. 世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。 Each one of us has his own duty. 我们每个人都有自己的职责。 注意：若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数形式；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。 None of the money has been spent on repairs. 这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。 None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger. 乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。 6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health. 大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。 The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 这次的损害大部分都容易补救。 The rest of the books were returned to the library. 其余的书都归还给图书馆了。 The rest of the money was given to the villagers. 其余的钱都给了村民。 7.“a large amount of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 A large amount of damage was done in a short time. 在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。 8. 在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you. 我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。 Those who have finished the work can go home first. 那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。 注意：“one of + 复数名词+who/which/that” 引导的定语从句中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修饰时，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。 He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些获奖的学生之一。 I was the only one in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。 9. 由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，boots， trousers/pants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks等，谓语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday. 昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打碎了。 A pair of shoes is lying under the bed. 床底下有一双鞋。 Here are some new pairs of shoes. 这里有几双新鞋。 10. 由“kind/form/type/sort/species /series +of + 名词” 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。 All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome . 必须克服各种各样的困难。 This kind/sort of questions is very difficult. 这种问题很难。 （但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.谓语动词要用复数形式。） 二. 意义一致原则 即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的意义而不是形式所决定。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数形式。 1. 有些名词如people, cattle，police，trousers等没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。 The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately. 警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。 Cattle were allowed to graze in this area. 允许牲畜在这个地区吃草。 2. 英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式，这类名词常见的有sheep，deer，fish，means， species，Chinese，Japanese，series等。 Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution. 为了防止大气污染，每一种方法都试过了。 All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. 为了使动植物的生命不受到威胁，所有的方法都试过了。 3. 有些集合名词，如public，family, enemy, audience，government，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew等作主语时， 谓语动词的数要根据其包含的意义而定。如果该名词表示一个整体，其谓语动词用单数形式；但如果这些集体名词表示集体中的若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。 A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win. 情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。 The team are practicing hard on the playground. 队员们正在操场刻苦地训练。 The government has taken possible action. 政府已经采取了可能的措施。 The government are discussing the proposal. 政府正在讨论这项提案。 4. “the + 形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如 “the + 形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数形式。 The wounded were saved by the villagers at last. 最后，伤员们被村民们救起。 The wounded in the accident was a policeman. 这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。 The beautiful is not always useful. 好看的并不总是有用的。 5. 有些以s结尾表示学科名称的词，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作书名、地名、国名、地区名的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Politics is a complicated subject. 政治是一门复杂的学科。 The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world. 《纽约时报》是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。 6. 表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。 Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance. 二十公里是一段相当长的距离。 Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time. 那时五十美金对我来说是一大笔钱。 7. “a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 A large number of people have applied for the job. 很多人申请了这项工作。 The number of people learning English inChinais increasing rapidly at present. 目前中国学习英语的人数正在增加。 8. such作主语时要根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数形式。 Such is our plan. 这就是我们的计划。 Such are his words. 这些就是他所说的话。 三. 就近一致原则 即谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。 1. 在there be 结构、here 以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首引起的倒装句中，谓语动词的人称和数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 办公室中有两把椅子和一张桌子。 Here are my replies to your questions. 这些是我对你的问题的回答。 2. 当either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；not…but…；or；nor等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与邻近的主语保持一致。 Either he or you are to blame for it. 不是他就是你必须为此事负责。 Not you but I am responsible for the delay. 不是你而应是我应对这次的延误负责。 Unit 2Working the land 《重点词汇、短语》 1.struggle 斗争 2.expand 使变大，伸展 3.thanks to 幸亏，由于 4.rid 摆脱 5.rid…of 摆脱，除去 6.be satisfied with 对…感到满意 7.would rather宁愿 8.therefore 因此 9.export 出口 10.regret 后悔，遗憾 11.build up 逐渐增加，建立，开发 12.lead to 导致 13.focus on 集中与 14.reduce 减少 15.keep...free from/of 使…免受影响 16.comment 评论，议论 《重点句型》 1. Have you ever grown any plants? If so, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing? 你种过植物吗？如果种过的话，你是怎么种植的？如果没有种过的话，你想要尝试种植什么植物？ △ If so为省略句式，意为“如果是这样的话”，if用作连词，so 用来代替上文的内容，以避免重复。If not 意为“如果不是这样的话，否则，要不然”，意义与If so 相反。 2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. 1974年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。 △不定式放在表示次序的词如the first, the last以及the only, the very, the right, the best等词后面作定语,且与所修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. Using his hybrid rice, framers are producing harvest twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻， 农民种出的粮食是以前的两倍。 △“…times as+形容词/副词的原级+ as”为常见的倍数表达法，意为“是……的几倍”。 This room is three times as big as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。 知识拓展 英语中常见的倍数表达法还有： This room is twice bigger than that one. = This room is three times the size of that one. 这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。 The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times that of ten years ago. = The output …is 15 times what it was ten years ago. 我们厂电视机的产量是10年前的15倍。 《语法总结》主谓一致 动名词 动词的ing形式如果是名词，这种形式叫做动名词。动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 一. 动名词的四种形式及其意义 ①基本形式：doing （表示主动） ②被动式：being done（表示被动） ③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成） ④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成） 例如： Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future. 在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。 Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans. Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。 I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you. 我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。 Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop. 很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。 二. 动名词的语法功能 动名词在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语等。 Learning English is very difficult .（作主语） 学英语非常困难。 I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语） 我喜欢跳舞。 I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语） 我已经习惯了住农村。 His job is driving a bus.（作表语） 他的工作是开车。 The washing mashine woks well.（作定语） 这台洗衣机非常好用。 三. 注意事项 1. 只接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语的28个常用动词 practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、mind、miss、permit、prohibit 2. 既可接不定式也可接动名词，但含义完全不同的8个动词 remember to do sth. 记住要做某事（未做） remember doing sth. 记得做过某事（已做） forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（未做） forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已做） regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事（未做） regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做过某事（已做） try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 mean to do sth. 计划做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事 stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情 3. it 做形式主语，动名词做真正主语位于句末的重要句型 It is no use/not any use/hardly any use/useless doing It is no good / not much good doing It is no worthwhile doing It is a waste of time doing Unit 3Ataste of Englishhumor 《重点词汇、短语》 1.up to now 直到现在 2.content 满足的，满意的 3.feel/be content with 对…满足 4.badly off 穷的，缺少的 5.entertain 使欢乐，款待 6.overcome 战胜，克服 7.pick out 挑出，辨别出 8.cut off 切断，断绝 9.convince 使信服 10.direct 导演，指挥；直接的 11.star in 担任主角 12.slide 使滑动 13.whisper 耳语，低语 14.react 做出反应，回应 《重点句型》 1. Not that Charlie’s own life was easy! 倒不是说查理自己的生活是轻松的。 △ not that“并非，倒不是说”，用于句首或短语之前，表否定含义。 2. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. 你会觉得震惊，卓别林则会讲话的时候就被教唱歌，刚会走路的时候就学跳舞。 △ 此句中it作形式宾语，that从句是真正的主语；astonishing是动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，与宾语构成主谓关系。 3. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off… 不幸地是他的父亲去世了，整个家庭的状况更糟了…… △ 本句中leaving the family even worse off…为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果。 《语法总结》 现在分词 一.现在分词的四种形式及其意义 ①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行） ②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行） ③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成） ④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成） He sat there，reading a newspaper. 他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。 The area being studied may be rich in coal. 这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。 Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV. 完成作业后，我开始看电视。 Having been told many times，she still can't remember it. 已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。 二. 现在分词的语法功能 现在分词在句中可以做表语、定语、状语和补语等。 The story is interesting. 这个故事有趣。 He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语） 他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。 The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语） 这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。 He saw the thiefstealing some money from the bank.（作宾补） 他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。 Unit4Body language 《重点词汇、短语》 1.represent 代表，象征 2.approach 接近，靠近 3.defend 保护，保卫 4.defend against 保卫…以免受 5.likely 可能的 6.be likely to 很可能 7.in general 总的来说，通常 8.ease 安逸，减轻 9.at ease 舒适，自由自在 10.lose face 丢脸 11.turn one’s back to 背对，背弃 《重点句型》 1. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia fromColombia, closely followed by Julia Smith fromBritain. 第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·家西亚，随后紧跟着的是来自英国的茱莉亚·史密斯。 △ 句中closely followed by…是过去分词短语作伴随状语，一般现在分词作伴随状语的时候较多，但如果伴随的动作与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，则用过去分词。 2. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. 各种文化背景下的人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触的程度和相互间距离也并不一样。 △ 本句中not all“并不是所有的”，是部分否定，在英语中有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词，如all, both, every, everything, entirely, completely 等，与not连用时， 无论not 在它们前面还是后面，都构成部分否定，意为“并非所有……都”，“并非每一……都”。 3. These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed. 这些行为都无所谓好坏，只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已。 △ 句中ways 后面跟的是in which 引导的定语从句。当先行词是way时，后面的定语从句如果缺少方式状语，引导定语从句的引导词有三种方式：in which, that 或不用任何引导词。 《语法总结》动词ing形式（详见第三和第四单元语法总结） Unit5Theme parks 《重点词汇、短语》 1.be famous for 以…闻名 2.swing 秋千，摇摆 3.no wonder 难怪，不足为奇 4.preserve 保存，保留，保护区 5.be modeledafter 仿造 6.advance 前进，促进 7.in advance 提前 8.get close to 接近 9.come to life 活跃起来 《重点句型》 1. Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture. 有些主题公园拥有最大或最长的过山车而出名，另外一些则以拥有名胜或特色文化而闻名。 △此句中含some...others“有些……有些……”句型，同时用了承上省略的语法方式。 2. It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether you are traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favorite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character. 无论你是在太空遨游，参观海盗船，还是邂逅你喜欢的童话故事或者迪斯尼卡通里的人物，迪斯尼都会把你带到魔幻的世界，使你的梦想变为现实。 △句中whether…or…的含义是“无论是……还是……；不管是……还是……”，引导让步状语从句。 3. Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago. 你可以光顾糖果店，在那里品尝到和150年前美国南方人制作得一模一样的糖果。 △句中the same …that 意为“和……一样的”，表示前后的事物为同一事物。 辨析：the same…that/the same…as the same… as 用来表示前后两者的相同或相似，而非同一物品；而the same…that表示前后的事物为同一事物。 I want to buy the same dress as you have. 我想买一条和你的一样的裙子。 I want to read the same book that you read. 我想看你看过的书。 《语法总结》构词法 一. 转化法（conversion） 在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。 1. 动词转化为名词 Let me have a try. 让我试试。 They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school. 在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。 2. 名词转化为动词 He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推开人群前进。 The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water. 从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。 3. 形容词转化为动词 We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他们努力改善工作条件。 4. 形容词转化为名词 He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非。 The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 5. 形容词转化为副词 How long have you lived there? 你在那儿住多久了？ 6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词 Warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。 Life is full of ups and downs. 人生有得意时也有失意时。 His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。 二. 合成法（composition） 由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词（compounds）。合成词的写法由习惯决定，可以写在一起，也可以用连词符号连接。 1. 合成名词 名词/代词+名词 newspaper blood-test she-wolf 动词+名词 typewriter pickpocket daybreak 形容词+名词 greenhouse highway 副词+名词 overcoat outside 名词+v.-ing/v.-ing +名词 handwriting reading-room freezing-point 动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome 名词+介词+名词 sister-in-law editor-in-chief 2. 合成形容词 名词+形容词/形容词+名词 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term 副词+形容词 over-anxious evergreen 名词+过去分词 man-made sun-burnt 名词+现在分词 peace-loving English-speaking 形容词+现在分词 good-looking easy-going 副词+过去分词 well-informed widespread 副词+现在分词 hardworking far-reaching 形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted absent-minded 数词+名词+ed three-legged ten-storied 数词+名词 one-way five–star 数词+名词+形容词 ten-year-old 800-meter-long 名词+to+名词 face –to-face door - to -door 3. 合成动词 名词+动词 baby-sit sleepwalk 副词+动词 outnumber underestimate overwork 形容词+动词 whitewash 4. 合成副词 形容词＋名词 meanwhile anyway 形容词＋副词 everywhere anyhow 副词＋副词 however 介词＋名词 beforehand overhead 介词＋副词 forever 5. 合成代词 代词宾格＋self/selves herself themselves 物主代词＋self/selves myself yourselves 形容词＋名词 anything nothing 6. 合成介词 副词＋名词 inside outside 介词＋副词 without within 副词＋介词 into 三. 派生法 由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。 1. 前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。 （1）表示否定意义的前缀 un-unhappy unfinished undress dis- disagree disbelieve in[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir(在字母r前)]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular mis-misbehave mislead mistake non-nonstop nonsmoker （2）表示其他意义的前缀 en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage inter-“相互” international intercontinental re-“再，又，重” rethink retell recycle tele-“远程的” telescope telephone telegraph auto-“自动的” automatic automobile co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist anti-“反对，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor bi-“双，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral micro-“极小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer over-“太多，过分” overwork overdo overestimate self-“自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate 2. 后缀 （1）形容词后缀 -able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable -al“与……有关的” physical, magical, political -an“属于某地方的人” American African -ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern -ful/ less“（没）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless -ish“如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish -ive“有……倾向的” active attractive expensive -en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen -ous“有（性质）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous -ly “有……性质的” friendly yearly daily -y“构成形容词” noisy dusty cloudy （2）名词后缀 -er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container -ese“某国（人）的” Chinese, Japanese -ian“某国、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician -ist“某种主义或职业者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist -ess“表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess -ment“行为或其状态” government, movement, achievement -ness“性质，状态” illness, sadness, carelessness -tion“动作，过程，结果” invention, organization, translation -ance/ ence“抽象；行为、性质、状态” importance, appearance, absence, existence -th“性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth -ful“（满的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful -(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态” possibility, disability, reliability -al“过程、状态” survival, arrival, approval -y“性质、情况” modesty, delivery, honesty -dom“处于……状态；性质” freedom, boredom -age“状态，行为，身份及其结果” courage, storage, marriage （3）动词后缀 -fy / ify“使得；变得” simplify, beautify, purify -en“使成为……；变得” shorten, deepen, sadden -ize“使成为” apologize, realize, specialize （4）副词后缀 -ly“方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily ward(s)“向……” towards, forward, upwards （5）数词后缀 -teen“十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen -ty“整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty -th“序数词” twelfth, twentieth
Unit1Great scientists 《重点词汇、短语》 1.put forward 提出 2.conclude 结束，结论 3.draw a conclusion 得出结论 4.defeat 打败 5.attend 照顾，护理，出席 6.expose to 使显露 7.cure 治愈，治疗 8.challenge 挑战 9.suspect 怀疑，被怀疑者 10.blame 责备 11.handle 柄，把手，处理，掌控 12.link 联系，连接 13.link to 将…和…连接 14.announce 宣布 15.contribute 捐献，贡献 16.apart from 除了 17.be strict with 对…严格 18.make sense 讲的通，有意义 19.spin 使旋转 20.reject 拒绝，抛弃 《重点句型》 1. What do you know about infectious diseases? 你对传染性疾病了解多少? 2. John Snow was a famous doctor in London – so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 约翰•斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为维多利亚女王的私人大夫。 3. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但当他一想到要帮助患了霍乱的普通老百姓，他就感到很振奋。 4. Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. 人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。 5. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. 他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。 6. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. 第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的。 7. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. 约翰•斯诺猜想第二个理论是正确的，但他需要证据。 8. It seemed that the water was to blame. 看来要归罪于饮用水了。 9. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. 约翰•斯诺马上叫宽街上惊惶失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。 10. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。 《语法总结》 过去分词作定语和表语 一. 过去分词作表语 作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态，相当于形容词，强调主谓关系；被动语态表示动作，强调动宾关系,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。 1. 过去分词做表语与被动语态的差异: The store is now closed.(系表) The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m. (被动) 2. 某些过去分词作表语，多半用来表示人物所处的心理状态或情感变化, 其主语主要是人。 这类过去分词通常为下列过去分词: delighted, devoted, discouraged , astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, encouraged, interested, contented, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect . 二. 过去分词作定语 作定语的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。 1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，置于其所修饰的名词之前。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。 The concert given by their friends was a success. 他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 3. 过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。 The meeting，attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。 Unit2 The United Kingdom 《重点词汇、短语》 1.consist 组成，在于，一致 2.consist of 由…组成 3.divide…into 把…分成 4.break away from 脱离 5.to one’s credit 在…的名下，为…带来荣誉 6.attract 吸引，引起注意 7.leave out 省去，遗漏，不考虑 8.plus 加上，和，正的 9.take the place of 代替 10.break down 损坏，破坏 11.arrange 安排 12.fold 折叠，对折 13.delight 快乐，高兴，喜悦 《重点句型》 1. How many countries does theUKconsist of? 联合王国由几个国家组成? 2. You can easily clarify this question if you study British history. 如果你学习了英国历史，很容易就能弄清楚这个问题。 3. Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James ofScotlandbecame King of England andWalesas well. 令人高兴的是，这件事没有引起冲突就完成了，那时候苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为了英格兰和威尔士的国王。 4. However, the southern part ofIrelandwas unwilling and broke away to form its own government. 然而，爱尔兰的南部却不愿意而分离出去了，并建立了自己的政府。 5. To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas. 值得表扬的是，这四个国家的确在一些方面共同合作。 6. Englandis the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. 在这四个国家中，英格兰最大，为了方便起见，它大致被分为了三个地区。 7. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to theUnited Kingdomenjoyable and worthwhile. 如果你想要使你的英国之旅愉快又有意义，你就必须留心观察。 8. Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London. 由于担心时间不够，张萍玉早就把她想在伦敦参观的地点列了一张单子。 9. It looked splendid when first built. 刚建成的时候，它看起来真是金碧辉煌。 10. What interested her most was the longitude line. 她最感兴趣的是那条经线。 《语法总结》 过去分词作宾补 过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的状态或性质，过去分词所表示的动作和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。 一. 能接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有三类： 1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词，如：see, hear, feel, watch, notice；think（认为）, consider, find等。 We saw the thief caught by the police. 我看见小偷被警察抓住了。 We thought the game lost. 我们认为球赛输了。 2. 表示“致使”或“保持某状态”意义的动词，如：make, get, have, keep, leave等。 Don’t leave such an important thing undone. 不要让这么重要的事没有人做。 He had his hat blown away on his way home. 在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。 3. 表示“希望、要求、命令”等动词，如：want, wish, like, expect, order等。 I want the house white-washed before we move in. 我想要房子在我搬进去之前粉刷完。 He won’t like such questions discussed at the meeting. 他不喜欢在会上讨论这样的问题。 二."with +宾语+过去分词"结构 "with +宾语+过去分词"结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因等状语。例如： 1. The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)2. With water heated,we can see the steam.水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)3. With the matter settled,we all went home.事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) Unit3 Life in the Future 《重点词汇、短语》 1.impression 印象，感想 2.take up 拿起，开始，继续 3.constant 时常发生的，连续不断的 4.previous 在前的，早先的 5.guide 指导，向导 6.lack 缺乏，没有 7.lose sight of 看不见 8.sweep up 横扫 9.slide into 移动，溜进 10.optimistic 乐观的 11.speed up 加速 12.desert 沙漠 13.instant 瞬间，片刻 14.settlement 定居，解决 《重点句型》 1. I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008. 我得不断提醒自己我真的到公元3008年了。 2. At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate. 开始的时候,新的环境让我难以忍受。 3. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left. 空气似乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。 4. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. 由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到头痛。 5. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer. 很快我又重新振作起来，然后跟随他领取了一部由电脑控制的气垫车。 6. However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions. 可是，当我们到达一个看上去像大市场的地方时，由于太多车子朝四面八方飞奔，我看不见王平了。 7. He was swept up into the center of them. 他被卷入到这群车队中去了。 8. Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room. 到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子里，他把握带到一个明亮而清洁的大房间。 9. I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen. 后来我才发现，就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了最急需的氧气。 《语法总结》 过去分词作状语 过去分词短语作状语，可表示时间，原因，条件等，可发展为一个状语从句。过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语。 过去分词作状语时的具体用法： 1. 过去分词作时间状语相当于一个时间状语从句。例如： Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head. 当他被问问题的时候,他低下了头。 2. 过去分词作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句。例如： Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 因为害怕老虎, 这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。 3. 过去分词作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里， 这些种子能长得很快。 4. 过去分词作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句。例如： Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all. 虽然John被单独留在房间里, 他一点都不害怕。 5. 过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。例如： The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students. 老师进入教室，后面跟着一帮学生。 Unit4 Making the News 《重点词汇、短语》 1.delighted 快乐的，欣喜的 2.assist 帮助，协助 3.process加工，处理，过程，程序 4.concentrate on 集中，聚集 5.acquire 获得，学到 6.assess 评估，评定 7.inform 通知 8.depend on 依靠 9.accuse…of 控告 10.so as to 为了 11.demand 需求，要求 12.ahead of 在…前面 13.approve 许可，批准 《重点句型》 1. Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper. 周阳永远不会忘记他在一家知名的英语报报社第一天上班的工作任务。 2. You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested. 你将会发现你的同事们会热情地帮助你，如果你对摄影感兴趣，以后你可以集中精力去钻研。 3. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills. 对摄影我不只是感兴趣，在大学里我还专修过业余摄影课来更新我的技术。 4. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know. 只有提很多不同的问题，你才能收集到你需要的信息。 5. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story. 他们必须通过调查研究来获悉被遗漏的那部分情况。 6. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the persons said. 同时，你还要根据被采访人所说的话准备提出下一个问题。 7. Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick? 你们有没有过这样的情况：有人控告你的记者，说他们的报道完全失实呢？ 8. This is how the story goes. 事情是这样的。 9. He denied taking money but we were sceptical. 他否认收了钱，但我们对此表示怀疑。 10. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong. 这事有些为难，因为如果我们错了，这名足球运动员就可以向我们索要赔偿。 Unit5 First aid 《重点词汇、短语》 1.first aid 急救 2.fall ill 生病 3.poison 毒药，使中毒 4.electric shock 触电，电休克 5.swell 使膨胀，隆起 6.squeeze 榨，挤 7.squeeze out 榨出，挤出 8.over and over again 反复，多次 9.in place 在适当的位置 10.pour 倒，灌 11.a number of 许多 12.put one’s hands on 找到 13.treat 治疗，对待，款待 14.apply 应用，运用，申请 15.make a difference 区别对待，有影响，起（重要）作用 《重点句型》 1. Burns are called first degree, second degree or third degree burns depending on which layers of the skins are burnt. 根据皮肤烧伤的层次而有一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤。 2. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. 除非衣服黏贴在烧伤面上，否则如果必须的话就要用剪刀把衣物移除。 3. If burns are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible. 如果烧伤的部位在臂部或腿部，可能的话，就要把他们抬高到高于心脏的位置。 4. …it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once. ……立即把受害者送往医院或送去看医生至关重要。 5. John was studying in his room when he heard screaming. 约翰正在房里学习，突然听到一声尖叫。 6. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily. 她躺在前花园的地上，流血不止。 7. He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, … 他立即向旁边的一些人要绷带，…… 8. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulancearrived. 他使劲地按住伤口，使血流得慢些，一直等到警察和救护车的到来。 8. There is no doubt that Jon’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life. 毫无疑问，是敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术，使得斯莱德女士的生命得救了。 9. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.这说明了急救知识的确能发挥重要的作用。 | 
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