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[家庭教育講座] 高中英語必修4-5重點[詞彙·短語·句型·語法]知識清單!期中考必備 ...

[複製連結]
學霸 發表於 2017-11-3 00:00 | 顯示全部樓層 |閱讀模式

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Unit1Women of achievement

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.human beings 人類

2.campaign 運動,戰役

3.behave 行為

4.shade 陰涼處

5.move off 離開,啟程

6.observe 觀察

7.respect 尊重

8.argue 討論,辯論

9.lead a...life 過着…的生活

10.crowd in 湧入腦海

11.support 支持

12.look down upon/on 看不起

13.refer to 查閱,參考,涉及

14.by chance 碰巧

15.come across 偶遇

16.intend 計劃,打算

17.deliver 提送,生(小孩),接生,發表(演說)

18.carry on 繼續,堅持

【重點句型】

1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.

她還發現了黑猩猩之間是如何交流的,而她對黑猩猩身勢語的研究幫助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社會體系。

△ work out 解決、解答、計算出;產生結果、發展;鍛煉;作出、制訂出

2.She is leading a busy life but she says …

她過着忙碌的生活,但是她說……

△ lead a …life = live a …life 過……的生活

3. Many people look down upon poor people.很多人瞧不起窮人。

△look down upon / on 蔑視;輕視;瞧不起

You mustn’t look down upon/ on the disabled.

你絕不能瞧不起殘疾人。

4.If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb.

如果group(作主語)指的是各個成員,謂語動詞用複數。

△ refer to指的是:提及;談到;提到;查閱、參考

5.By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women’s diseases.

很偶然地,我看到了一篇關於林巧稚大夫的文章,她是一名婦科專家。

△ by chance=by accident 偶然地,意外地

6.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?

為什麼不像林巧稚那樣去讀醫學院,繼續她的偉大事業呢?

△ carry on 繼續;堅持

【語法總結】主謂一致

一.語法一致原則

即在語法形式上取得一致,謂語動詞的單複數形式由主語的單複數形式決定。

1. 單數名詞、不可數名詞、單個動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及句子作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數形式。

To see is to believe.

眼見為實。

Reading aloud is very important in learning English.

學習英語時大聲朗讀非常重要。

When they could finish the task is not known yet.

他們何時能完成任務還未知。

Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his/her name here.

要參加比賽的人請在這裏簽名。

注意:what引導的主語從句充當主語時,有時要以what所指代的詞的意義來決定謂語動詞的數。

What he said is true.

他所說的是真的。

What we need are more volunteers.

我們所需要的是更多的志願者。

2. 由連接詞and或both … and連接的名詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及句子作主語時,謂語動詞要用複數形式。

What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.

他說的話及行為極大地鼓舞了其他學生。

Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.

他的爸爸和媽媽都是先進工作者。

注意:有時,一些用and連接的主語表達的卻是單數的概念,這時謂語動詞也應用單數形式。

(1)用and連接的名詞表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主語時

Bread and butter is nutritious for patients.

黃油麵包對病人很有營養。

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

早睡早起使人健康、富有和聰明。

The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting.

那位書記兼經理在會上講話。

(2)『each/every/no/ many a + 單數名詞+ and + each/every/no/many a + 單數名詞』作主語時

Every hour and every minute is precious.

每一小時,每一分鐘,都很寶貴。

No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall.

每個人都不允許進入大廳。

3. 『名詞+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名詞』結構作主語時,謂語動詞同第一個名詞的數保持一致。

Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.

湯姆以及他的兩個朋友一起被邀請參加宴會了。

Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.

實驗室只有一個老師和三個學生。

4. 『more than one 或many a + 單數名詞』作主語時,儘管其意義為複數,但謂語動詞還是用單數形式。

More than one student is against the decision.

不止一個學生反對這個決定。

Many a page in this book is missing.

這本書缺了許多頁。

5. 不定代詞either, neither, each, every 或no +單數名詞和由some, any, no, every與thing, body, one構成的複合不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

Nothing in the world moves faster than light.

世上沒有什麼東西比光傳播得更快。

Each one of us has his own duty.

我們每個人都有自己的職責。

注意:若none of後面的名詞是不可數名詞,它的謂語動詞就要用單數形式;若它後面的名詞是複數,它的謂語動詞用單數形式或複數形式都可以。

None of the money has been spent on repairs.

這筆錢沒有花費在維修方面。

None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger.

乘客中沒有一個意識到危險的存在。

6. 由『a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞』構成的短語以及由『分數或百分數+名詞』構成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中後面名詞的數而定。

The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.

大多數醫生都認為吸煙有害健康。

The majority of the damage is easy to repair.

這次的損害大部分都容易補救。

The rest of the books were returned to the library.

其餘的書都歸還給圖書館了。

The rest of the money was given to the villagers.

其餘的錢都給了村民。

7.『a large amount of + 不可數名詞』結構作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式;『large amounts of +不可數名詞』結構作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式。

A large amount of damage was done in a short time.

在短時間內就造成了巨大的損失。

8. 在定語從句中,關係代詞that, who, which等作主語時,其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。

I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.

我是你的老師,我會盡全力幫助你的。

Those who have finished the work can go home first.

那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。

注意:『one of + 複數名詞+who/which/that』 引導的定語從句中,若關係代詞在定語從句中充當主語,謂語動詞常用複數形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修飾時,從句中的謂語動詞用單數形式。

He was one of the students who were given a prize.

他是那些獲獎的學生之一。

I was the only one in my office who was invited.

我是辦公室裏唯一受到邀請的人。

9. 由兩部分組成的表示衣物或工具的名詞作主語時,如:glasses,spectacles,shoes,boots, trousers/pants,compasses,chopsticks,scissors,socks等,謂語動詞通常用複數,但這類詞如用a pair of修飾時,謂語動詞用單數。

My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday.

昨天踢足球時我的眼鏡被打碎了。

A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.

床底下有一雙鞋。

Here are some new pairs of shoes.

這裏有幾雙新鞋。

10. 由『kind/form/type/sort/species /series +of + 名詞』 作主語時,謂語動詞的單複數形式取決於這些詞的單複數而不是它們後面所跟的名詞。

All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome .

必須克服各種各樣的困難。

This kind/sort of questions is very difficult.

這種問題很難。

(但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.謂語動詞要用複數形式。)

二. 意義一致原則

即謂語動詞的單複數形式由主語的意義而不是形式所決定。當主語形式為單數,但意義為複數時,謂語動詞要用複數形式;但主語形式為複數,而意義卻為單數時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

1. 有些名詞如people, cattle,police,trousers等沒有單數形式,作主語時,謂語動詞只能用複數。

The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately.

警察立即被派往現場維持秩序。

Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.

允許牲畜在這個地區吃草。

2. 英語中一些單複數同形的名詞作主語時,應根據其表達的意義來決定謂語動詞的單複數形式,這類名詞常見的有sheep,deer,fish,means, species,Chinese,Japanese,series等。

Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.

為了防止大氣污染,每一種方法都試過了。

All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.

為了使動植物的生命不受到威脅,所有的方法都試過了。

3. 有些集合名詞,如public,family, enemy, audience,government,group,committee,team,media,staff,crew等作主語時, 謂語動詞的數要根據其包含的意義而定。如果該名詞表示一個整體,其謂語動詞用單數形式;但如果這些集體名詞表示集體中的若干個體時,謂語動詞用複數形式。

A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.

情緒高昂的球隊比較可能獲勝。

The team are practicing hard on the playground.

隊員們正在操場刻苦地訓練。

The government has taken possible action.

政府已經採取了可能的措施。

The government are discussing the proposal.

政府正在討論這項提案。

4. 『the + 形容詞或過去分詞』表示一類人時,謂語動詞用複數形式;如 『the + 形容詞』指一個人或表示一種抽象概念或品質時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.

最後,傷員們被村民們救起。

The wounded in the accident was a policeman.

這次事故的受傷者是一名警察。

The beautiful is not always useful.

好看的並不總是有用的。

5. 有些以s結尾表示學科名稱的詞,如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等,以及用作書名、地名、國名、地區名的複數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

Politics is a complicated subject.

政治是一門複雜的學科。

The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.

【紐約時報】是世界上最具影響力的報紙之一。

6. 表示距離、長度、價值、金額、重量等的複數名詞作主語時,如作為一個整體來看待的話,謂語動詞通常用單數。

Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.

二十公裏是一段相當長的距離。

Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.

那時五十美金對我來說是一大筆錢。

7. 『a number of+複數名詞』作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式;『the number of+複數名詞』作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

A large number of people have applied for the job.

很多人申請了這項工作。

The number of people learning English inChinais increasing rapidly at present.

目前中國學習英語的人數正在增加。

8. such作主語時要根據其所指的內容決定謂語動詞的單複數形式。

Such is our plan.

這就是我們的計劃。

Such are his words.

這些就是他所說的話。

三. 就近一致原則

即謂語動詞的人稱和數須與鄰近的主語保持一致。

1. 在there be 結構、here 以及表示地點的介詞詞組位於句首引起的倒裝句中,謂語動詞的人稱和數應與最近的一個主語保持一致。

There are two chairs and a desk in the office.

辦公室中有兩把椅子和一張桌子。

Here are my replies to your questions.

這些是我對你的問題的回答。

2. 當either…or…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…;not…but…;or;nor等並列連詞連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞的人稱和數應與鄰近的主語保持一致。

Either he or you are to blame for it.

不是他就是你必須為此事負責。

Not you but I am responsible for the delay.

不是你而應是我應對這次的延誤負責。

Unit 2Working the land

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.struggle 鬥爭

2.expand 使變大,伸展

3.thanks to 幸虧,由於

4.rid 擺脫

5.rid…of 擺脫,除去

6.be satisfied with 對…感到滿意

7.would rather寧願

8.therefore 因此

9.export 出口

10.regret 後悔,遺憾

11.build up 逐漸增加,建立,開發

12.lead to 導致

13.focus on 集中與

14.reduce 減少

15.keep...free from/of 使…免受影響

16.comment 評論,議論

【重點句型】

1. Have you ever grown any plants? If so, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing?

你種過植物嗎?如果種過的話,你是怎麼種植的?如果沒有種過的話,你想要嘗試種植什麼植物?

△ If so為省略句式,意為『如果是這樣的話』,if用作連詞,so 用來代替上文的內容,以避免重複。If not 意為『如果不是這樣的話,否則,要不然』,意義與If so 相反。

2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.

1974年,他成了世界上第一位種植高產水稻的農業先鋒。

△不定式放在表示次序的詞如the first, the last以及the only, the very, the right, the best等詞後面作定語,且與所修飾的名詞之間構成邏輯上的主謂關係。

3. Using his hybrid rice, framers are producing harvest twice as large as before. 用他的雜交水稻, 農民種出的糧食是以前的兩倍。

△『…times as+形容詞/副詞的原級+ as』為常見的倍數表達法,意為『是……的幾倍』。

This room is three times as big as that one.

這個房間是那個房間的三倍大。

知識拓展

英語中常見的倍數表達法還有:

This room is twice bigger than that one.

= This room is three times the size of that one.

這個房間是那個房間的三倍大。

The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times that of ten years ago.

= The output …is 15 times what it was ten years ago.

我們廠電視機的產量是10年前的15倍。

【語法總結】主謂一致

動名詞

動詞的ing形式如果是名詞,這種形式叫做動名詞。動名詞具有名詞的性質,因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。

一. 動名詞的四種形式及其意義

①基本形式:doing (表示主動)

②被動式:being done(表示被動)

③完成式:having done(表示主動和完成)

④完成被動式:having been done(表示被動和完成)

例如:

Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.

在未來,普通人在太空旅行將會是普遍的事情。

Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.

Freddy和他的樂隊到哪裏都被他們的粉絲跟着。

I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.

我不知道他做過這樣一件違背你的事情。

Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.

很多顧客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少兩過。

二. 動名詞的語法功能

動名詞在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語和定語等。

Learning English is very difficult .(作主語)

學英語非常困難。

I enjoy dancing.(作動詞賓語)

我喜歡跳舞。

I have got used to living in the country.(作介詞賓語)

我已經習慣了住農村。

His job is driving a bus.(作表語)

他的工作是開車。

The washing mashine woks well.(作定語)

這台洗衣機非常好用。

三. 注意事項

1. 只接動名詞(不能接不定式)作賓語的28個常用動詞

practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、mind、miss、permit、prohibit

2. 既可接不定式也可接動名詞,但含義完全不同的8個動詞

remember to do sth. 記住要做某事(未做)

remember doing sth. 記得做過某事(已做)

forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事(未做)

forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事(已做)

regret to do sth. 遺憾要做某事(未做)

regret doing sth. 後悔/抱歉做過某事(已做)

try to do sth. 努力做某事

try doing sth. 嘗試做某事

mean to do sth. 計劃做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事

can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事

go on to do sth. 繼續做另一件事

go on doing sth. 繼續做同一件事

stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事

stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情

3. it 做形式主語,動名詞做真正主語位於句末的重要句型

It is no use/not any use/hardly any use/useless doing

It is no good / not much good doing

It is no worthwhile doing

It is a waste of time doing

Unit 3Ataste of Englishhumor

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.up to now 直到現在

2.content 滿足的,滿意的

3.feel/be content with 對…滿足

4.badly off 窮的,缺少的

5.entertain 使歡樂,款待

6.overcome 戰勝,克服

7.pick out 挑出,辨別出

8.cut off 切斷,斷絕

9.convince 使信服

10.direct 導演,指揮;直接的

11.star in 擔任主角

12.slide 使滑動

13.whisper 耳語,低語

14.react 做出反應,回應

【重點句型】

1. Not that Charlie’s own life was easy!

倒不是說查理自己的生活是輕鬆的。

△ not that『並非,倒不是說』,用於句首或短語之前,表否定含義。

2. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.

你會覺得震驚,卓別林則會講話的時候就被教唱歌,剛會走路的時候就學跳舞。

△ 此句中it作形式賓語,that從句是真正的主語;astonishing是動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語,與賓語構成主謂關係。

3. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off…

不幸地是他的父親去世了,整個家庭的狀況更糟了……

△ 本句中leaving the family even worse off…為現在分詞短語作結果狀語,表示順其自然的結果。

【語法總結】

現在分詞

一.現在分詞的四種形式及其意義

①基本形式:doing (表示主動和進行)

②被動式:being done(表示被動和進行)

③完成式:having done(表示主動和完成)

④完成被動式:having been done(表示被動和完成)

He sat there,reading a newspaper.

他坐在那裏,讀着一張報紙。

The area being studied may be rich in coal.

這個正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

Having finished my homework,I began to watch TV.

完成作業後,我開始看電視。

Having been told many times,she still can't remember it.

已經被告訴了很多次,她仍然記不住。

二. 現在分詞的語法功能

現在分詞在句中可以做表語、定語、狀語和補語等。

The story is interesting.

這個故事有趣。

He sat there,reading a newspaper.(作狀語)

他坐在那裏,讀着一張報紙。

The area being studied may be rich in coal.(作定語)

這個正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。

He saw the thiefstealing some money from the bank.(作賓補)

他看到小偷正在從銀行偷錢。

Unit4Body language

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.represent 代表,象徵

2.approach 接近,靠近

3.defend 保護,保衛

4.defend against 保衛…以免受

5.likely 可能的

6.be likely to 很可能

7.in general 總的來說,通常

8.ease 安逸,減輕

9.at ease 舒適,自由自在

10.lose face 丟臉

11.turn one’s back to 背對,背棄

【重點句型】

1. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia fromColombia, closely followed by Julia Smith fromBritain.

第一個到達的是來自哥倫比亞的托尼·家西亞,隨後緊跟着的是來自英國的茱莉亞·史密斯。

△ 句中closely followed by…是過去分詞短語作伴隨狀語,一般現在分詞作伴隨狀語的時候較多,但如果伴隨的動作與所修飾的名詞構成被動關係,則用過去分詞。

2. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.

各種文化背景下的人們互致問候的方式不盡相同,身體接觸的程度和相互間距離也並不一樣。

△ 本句中not all『並不是所有的』,是部分否定,在英語中有一些用來表示『全體』或『完全』意義的總括詞,如all, both, every, everything, entirely, completely 等,與not連用時, 無論not 在它們前面還是後面,都構成部分否定,意為『並非所有……都』,『並非每一……都』。

3. These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed.

這些行為都無所謂好壞,只不過是文化發展的不同方式而已。

△ 句中ways 後面跟的是in which 引導的定語從句。當先行詞是way時,後面的定語從句如果缺少方式狀語,引導定語從句的引導詞有三種方式:in which, that 或不用任何引導詞。

【語法總結】動詞ing形式(詳見第三和第四單元語法總結)

Unit5Theme parks

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.be famous for 以…聞名

2.swing 鞦韆,搖擺

3.no wonder 難怪,不足為奇

4.preserve 保存,保留,保護區

5.be modeledafter 仿造

6.advance 前進,促進

7.in advance 提前

8.get close to 接近

9.come to life 活躍起來

【重點句型】

1. Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.

有些主題公園擁有最大或最長的過山車而出名,另外一些則以擁有名勝或特色文化而聞名。

△此句中含some...others『有些……有些……』句型,同時用了承上省略的語法方式。

2. It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether you are traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favorite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.

無論你是在太空遨遊,參觀海盜船,還是邂逅你喜歡的童話故事或者迪斯尼卡通裏的人物,迪斯尼都會把你帶到魔幻的世界,使你的夢想變為現實。

△句中whether…or…的含義是『無論是……還是……;不管是……還是……』,引導讓步狀語從句。

3. Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago.

你可以光顧糖果店,在那裏品嘗到和150年前美國南方人製作得一模一樣的糖果。

△句中the same …that 意為『和……一樣的』,表示前後的事物為同一事物。

辨析:the same…that/the same…as

the same… as 用來表示前後兩者的相同或相似,而非同一物品;而the same…that表示前後的事物為同一事物。

I want to buy the same dress as you have.

我想買一條和你的一樣的裙子。

I want to read the same book that you read.

我想看你看過的書。

【語法總結】構詞法

一. 轉化法(conversion)

在英語中,一個單詞由一種詞性轉化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉化法。

1. 動詞轉化為名詞

Let me have a try.

讓我試試。

They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.

在學校裏只准許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。

2. 名詞轉化為動詞

He shouldered his way through the crowd.

他用肩膀推開人群前進。

The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.

從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。

3. 形容詞轉化為動詞

We will try our best to better our living conditions.

我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

They tried to perfect the working conditions.

他們努力改善工作條件。

4. 形容詞轉化為名詞

He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.

他不辨是非。

The old in our village are living a happy life.

我們村的老年人過着幸福的生活。

5. 形容詞轉化為副詞

How long have you lived there?

你在那兒住多久了?

6. 個別詞在一定場合中可轉化為名詞

Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.

穿暖和的衣服到山區去是必須的。

Life is full of ups and downs.

人生有得意時也有失意時。

His argument contains too many ifs and buts.

他的辯論中含有太多的『如果』和『但是』。

二. 合成法(composition)

由兩個或兩個以上的單詞連在一起合成一個新詞,這種構詞法叫做合成法,合成的詞叫做合成詞(compounds)。合成詞的寫法由習慣決定,可以寫在一起,也可以用連詞符號連接。

1. 合成名詞

名詞/代詞+名詞

newspaper blood-test she-wolf

動詞+名詞

typewriter pickpocket daybreak

形容詞+名詞

greenhouse highway

副詞+名詞

overcoat outside

名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞

handwriting reading-room freezing-point

動詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動詞

breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

名詞+介詞+名詞

sister-in-law editor-in-chief

2. 合成形容詞

名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞

world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

副詞+形容詞

over-anxious evergreen

名詞+過去分詞

man-made sun-burnt

名詞+現在分詞

peace-loving English-speaking

形容詞+現在分詞

good-looking easy-going

副詞+過去分詞

well-informed widespread

副詞+現在分詞

hardworking far-reaching

形容詞+名詞+ed

warm-hearted absent-minded

數詞+名詞+ed

three-legged ten-storied

數詞+名詞

one-way five–star

數詞+名詞+形容詞

ten-year-old 800-meter-long

名詞+to+名詞

face –to-face door - to -door

3. 合成動詞

名詞+動詞

baby-sit sleepwalk

副詞+動詞

outnumber underestimate overwork

形容詞+動詞

whitewash

4. 合成副詞

形容詞+名詞

meanwhile anyway

形容詞+副詞

everywhere anyhow

副詞+副詞

however

介詞+名詞

beforehand overhead

介詞+副詞

forever

5. 合成代詞

代詞賓格+self/selves

herself themselves

物主代詞+self/selves

myself yourselves

形容詞+名詞

anything nothing

6. 合成介詞

副詞+名詞

inside outside

介詞+副詞

without within

副詞+介詞

into

三. 派生法

由一個詞加上前綴或後綴構成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。

1. 前綴

除少數前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,但不改變單詞的詞性。

(1)表示否定意義的前綴

un-unhappy unfinished undress

dis- disagree disbelieve

in[il-(在字母l前),im-(在字母m,b,p前),ir(在字母r前)]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

mis-misbehave mislead mistake

non-nonstop nonsmoker

(2)表示其他意義的前綴

en-『使……』 enrich enlarge encourage

inter-『相互』 international intercontinental

re-『再,又,重』 rethink retell recycle

tele-『遠程的』 telescope telephone telegraph

auto-『自動的』 automatic automobile

co-『共同』 coworker cooperate coexist

anti-『反對,抵抗』 antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

multi-『多』 multistory multicultural multicolor

bi-『雙,二』bicycle bilingual bilateral

micro-『極小的,微小的』 microwave microcomputer

over-『太多,過分』 overwork overdo overestimate

self-『自己,本身』 self-centered self-confident self-control

under-『在……下面,……下的,不足的』 underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

2. 後綴

(1)形容詞後綴

-able 『可……的,具有……的』 acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

-al『與……有關的』 physical, magical, political

-an『屬於某地方的人』 American African

-ern『方向』 southern, northern, eastern

-ful/ less『(沒)有……的』 helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

-ish『如……的;有……特徵的』 foolish childish selfish

-ive『有……傾向的』 active attractive expensive

-en『由……製成的』 golden wooden woolen

-ous『有(性質)的』 famous, dangerous, poisonous

-ly 『有……性質的』 friendly yearly daily

-y『構成形容詞』 noisy dusty cloudy

(2)名詞後綴

-er / or『表人或用具』 farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

-ese『某國(人)的』 Chinese, Japanese

-ian『某國、某地人;精通……的人』 musician, Asian, Russian, technician

-ist『某種主義或職業者』 physicist, scientist, communist,socialist

-ess『表女性,雌性』 hostess, actress, princess

-ment『行為或其狀態』 government, movement, achievement

-ness『性質,狀態』 illness, sadness, carelessness

-tion『動作,過程,結果』 invention, organization, translation

-ance/ ence『抽象;行為、性質、狀態』 importance, appearance, absence, existence

-th『性質、情況』 depth, warmth, truth

-ful『(滿的)量』 handful, spoonful, mouthful

-(a)bility『抽象、性質、狀態』 possibility, disability, reliability

-al『過程、狀態』 survival, arrival, approval

-y『性質、情況』 modesty, delivery, honesty

-dom『處於……狀態;性質』 freedom, boredom

-age『狀態,行為,身份及其結果』 courage, storage, marriage

(3)動詞後綴

-fy / ify『使得;變得』 simplify, beautify, purify

-en『使成為……;變得』 shorten, deepen, sadden

-ize『使成為』 apologize, realize, specialize

(4)副詞後綴

-ly『方式,程度』 freely, truly, angrily

ward(s)『向……』 towards, forward, upwards

(5)數詞後綴

-teen『十幾』 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

-ty『整十位數』 forty, fifty, sixty

-th『序數詞』 twelfth, twentieth

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Unit1Great scientists

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.put forward 提出

2.conclude 結束,結論

3.draw a conclusion 得出結論

4.defeat 打敗

5.attend 照顧,護理,出席

6.expose to 使顯露

7.cure 治癒,治療

8.challenge 挑戰

9.suspect 懷疑,被懷疑者

10.blame 責備

11.handle 柄,把手,處理,掌控

12.link 聯繫,連接

13.link to 將…和…連接

14.announce 宣佈

15.contribute 捐獻,貢獻

16.apart from 除了

17.be strict with 對…嚴格

18.make sense 講的通,有意義

19.spin 使旋轉

20.reject 拒絕,拋棄

【重點句型】

1. What do you know about infectious diseases?

你對傳染性疾病了解多少?

2. John Snow was a famous doctor in London – so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.

約翰•斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫生——他的確醫術精湛,因而成為維多利亞女王的私人大夫。

3. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.

但當他一想到要幫助患了霍亂的普通老百姓,他就感到很振奮。

4. Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.

人們既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治療方法。

5. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.

他知道,在找到病源之前,霍亂疫情是無法控制的。

6. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.

第二種看法是在吃飯的時候人們把這種病毒引入體內的。

7. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.

約翰•斯諾猜想第二個理論是正確的,但他需要證據。

8. It seemed that the water was to blame.

看來要歸罪於飲用水了。

9. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.

約翰•斯諾馬上叫寬街上驚惶失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手,這樣水泵就用不成了。

10. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.

在倫敦的另一個地區,他從兩個與寬街爆發的霍亂有關聯的死亡病例中又發現了有力證據。

【語法總結】

過去分詞作定語和表語

一. 過去分詞作表語

作表語用的過去分詞表示主語的特點或所處的狀態,相當於形容詞,強調主謂關係;被動語態表示動作,強調動賓關係,絕大多數被動結構中的行為執行者還可以用by短語來表示。

1. 過去分詞做表語與被動語態的差異:

The store is now closed.(系表)

The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m. (被動)

2. 某些過去分詞作表語,多半用來表示人物所處的心理狀態或情感變化, 其主語主要是人。

這類過去分詞通常為下列過去分詞: delighted, devoted, discouraged , astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, encouraged, interested, contented, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect .

二. 過去分詞作定語

作定語的過去分詞相當於形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞。及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動又表完成;不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完成。

1. 過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個的,置於其所修飾的名詞之前。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.

我們必須使我們的思想適應改變了的情況。

2. 過去分詞短語用作定語時,置於其所修飾的名詞之後,其意義相當於一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用於書面語中。

The concert given by their friends was a success.

他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功。

3. 過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語,前後常有逗號。

The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.

他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會,到會的有五千多人。

Unit2 The United Kingdom

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.consist 組成,在於,一致

2.consist of 由…組成

3.divide…into 把…分成

4.break away from 脫離

5.to one’s credit 在…的名下,為…帶來榮譽

6.attract 吸引,引起注意

7.leave out 省去,遺漏,不考慮

8.plus 加上,和,正的

9.take the place of 代替

10.break down 損壞,破壞

11.arrange 安排

12.fold 摺疊,對摺

13.delight 快樂,高興,喜悅

【重點句型】

1. How many countries does theUKconsist of?

聯合王國由幾個國家組成?

2. You can easily clarify this question if you study British history.

如果你學習了英國歷史,很容易就能弄清楚這個問題。

3. Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James ofScotlandbecame King of England andWalesas well.

令人高興的是,這件事沒有引起衝突就完成了,那時候蘇格蘭的詹姆斯國王也成為了英格蘭和威爾斯的國王。

4. However, the southern part ofIrelandwas unwilling and broke away to form its own government.

然而,愛爾蘭的南部卻不願意而分離出去了,並建立了自己的政府。

5. To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas.

值得表揚的是,這四個國家的確在一些方面共同合作。

6. Englandis the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.

在這四個國家中,英格蘭最大,為了方便起見,它大致被分為了三個地區。

7. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to theUnited Kingdomenjoyable and worthwhile.

如果你想要使你的英國之旅愉快又有意義,你就必須留心觀察。

8. Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.

由於擔心時間不夠,張萍玉早就把她想在倫敦參觀的地點列了一張單子。

9. It looked splendid when first built.

剛建成的時候,它看起來真是金碧輝煌。

10. What interested her most was the longitude line.

她最感興趣的是那條經線。

【語法總結】

過去分詞作賓補

過去分詞作賓語補足語,說明賓語的狀態或性質,過去分詞所表示的動作和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關係。

一. 能接過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有三類:

1. 表示感覺或心理狀態的動詞,如:see, hear, feel, watch, notice;think(認為), consider, find等。

We saw the thief caught by the police.

我看見小偷被警察抓住了。

We thought the game lost.

我們認為球賽輸了。

2. 表示『致使』或『保持某狀態』意義的動詞,如:make, get, have, keep, leave等。

Don’t leave such an important thing undone.

不要讓這麼重要的事沒有人做。

He had his hat blown away on his way home.

在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。

3. 表示『希望、要求、命令』等動詞,如:want, wish, like, expect, order等。

I want the house white-washed before we move in.

我想要房子在我搬進去之前粉刷完。

He won’t like such questions discussed at the meeting.

他不喜歡在會上討論這樣的問題。

二."with +賓語+過去分詞"結構

"with +賓語+過去分詞"結構中,過去分詞用作介詞with的賓語補足語。這一結構通常在句中作時間,方式,條件,原因等狀語。例如:

1. The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.兇手被帶進來了,他的雙手被綁在背後.(表方式)2. With water heated,we can see the steam.水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件)3. With the matter settled,we all went home.事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因)

Unit3 Life in the Future

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.impression 印象,感想

2.take up 拿起,開始,繼續

3.constant 時常發生的,連續不斷的

4.previous 在前的,早先的

5.guide 指導,嚮導

6.lack 缺乏,沒有

7.lose sight of 看不見

8.sweep up 橫掃

9.slide into 移動,溜進

10.optimistic 樂觀的

11.speed up 加速

12.desert 沙漠

13.instant 瞬間,片刻

14.settlement 定居,解決

【重點句型】

1. I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.

我得不斷提醒自己我真的到公元3008年了。

2. At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate.

開始的時候,新的環境讓我難以忍受。

3. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.

空氣似乎很稀薄,好像在混合的氣體中剩下的氧氣很少。

4. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.

由於缺乏新鮮空氣,我感到頭痛。

5. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.

很快我又重新振作起來,然後跟隨他領取了一部由電腦控制的氣墊車。

6. However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.

可是,當我們到達一個看上去像大市場的地方時,由於太多車子朝四面八方飛奔,我看不見王平了。

7. He was swept up into the center of them.

他被捲入到這群車隊中去了。

8. Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room.

到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子裏,他把握帶到一個明亮而清潔的大房間。

9. I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen.

後來我才發現,就是這些樹的葉子為這棟房屋提供了最急需的氧氣。

【語法總結】

過去分詞作狀語

過去分詞短語作狀語,可表示時間,原因,條件等,可發展為一個狀語從句。過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語。

過去分詞作狀語時的具體用法:

1. 過去分詞作時間狀語相當於一個時間狀語從句。例如:

Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head.

當他被問問題的時候,他低下了頭。

2. 過去分詞作原因狀語相當於一個原因狀語從句。例如:

Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone.

因為害怕老虎, 這個女孩不敢單獨睡覺。

3. 過去分詞作條件狀語相當於一個條件狀語從句。例如:

Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.

如果種在肥沃的土壤裏, 這些種子能長得很快。

4. 過去分詞作讓步狀語相當於一個讓步狀語從句。例如:

Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all.

雖然John被單獨留在房間裏, 他一點都不害怕。

5. 過去分詞作狀語表示伴隨動作或狀態。例如:

The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students.

老師進入教室,後面跟着一幫學生。

Unit4 Making the News

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.delighted 快樂的,欣喜的

2.assist 幫助,協助

3.process加工,處理,過程,程序

4.concentrate on 集中,聚集

5.acquire 獲得,學到

6.assess 評估,評定

7.inform 通知

8.depend on 依靠

9.accuse…of 控告

10.so as to 為了

11.demand 需求,要求

12.ahead of 在…前面

13.approve 許可,批准

【重點句型】

1. Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.

周陽永遠不會忘記他在一家知名的英語報報社第一天上班的工作任務。

2. You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested.

你將會發現你的同事們會熱情地幫助你,如果你對攝影感興趣,以後你可以集中精力去鑽研。

3. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.

對攝影我不只是感興趣,在大學裏我還專修過業餘攝影課來更新我的技術。

4. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.

只有提很多不同的問題,你才能收集到你需要的信息。

5. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.

他們必須通過調查研究來獲悉被遺漏的那部分情況。

6. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the persons said.

同時,你還要根據被採訪人所說的話準備提出下一個問題。

7. Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?

你們有沒有過這樣的情況:有人控告你的記者,說他們的報道完全失實呢?

8. This is how the story goes.

事情是這樣的。

9. He denied taking money but we were sceptical.

他否認收了錢,但我們對此表示懷疑。

10. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.

這事有些為難,因為如果我們錯了,這名足球運動員就可以向我們索要賠償。

Unit5 First aid

【重點詞彙、短語】

1.first aid 急救

2.fall ill 生病

3.poison 毒藥,使中毒

4.electric shock 觸電,電休克

5.swell 使膨脹,隆起

6.squeeze 榨,擠

7.squeeze out 榨出,擠出

8.over and over again 反覆,多次

9.in place 在適當的位置

10.pour 倒,灌

11.a number of 許多

12.put one’s hands on 找到

13.treat 治療,對待,款待

14.apply 應用,運用,申請

15.make a difference 區別對待,有影響,起(重要)作用

【重點句型】

1. Burns are called first degree, second degree or third degree burns depending on which layers of the skins are burnt.

根據皮膚燒傷的層次而有一度燒傷、二度燒傷和三度燒傷。

2. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.

除非衣服黏貼在燒傷面上,否則如果必須的話就要用剪刀把衣物移除。

3. If burns are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible.

如果燒傷的部位在臂部或腿部,可能的話,就要把他們抬高到高於心臟的位置。

4. …it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.

……立即把受害者送往醫院或送去看醫生至關重要。

5. John was studying in his room when he heard screaming.

約翰正在房裏學習,突然聽到一聲尖叫。

6. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily.

她躺在前花園的地上,流血不止。

7. He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, …

他立即向旁邊的一些人要繃帶,……

8. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulancearrived.

他使勁地按住傷口,使血流得慢些,一直等到警察和救護車的到來。

8. There is no doubt that Jon’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life.

毫無疑問,是敏捷的思維和在學校學到的急救技術,使得斯萊德女士的生命得救了。

9. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.這說明了急救知識的確能發揮重要的作用。

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